Notes

This article is highly relevant to the growing need for sustainable and reliable energy systems in space exploration. As humanity moves toward long-duration missions, lunar bases, and future interplanetary settlements, establishing continuous and efficient power sources becomes essential. The article examines solar power, nuclear power, and fuel cells as key technologies capable of supporting the energy demands of satellites, space probes, manned missions, and extraterrestrial habitats. By analyzing the advantages and limitations of each energy system, this article demonstrates how these technologies contribute to energy security and operational stability in remote environments where conventional energy infrastructures cannot function. The introduction of the Trinary Energy Model presents a practical framework that integrates solar energy, nuclear systems, and fuel cells into a unified, resilient power architecture. This model provides real-world applications by ensuring continuous operation during low solar input, supporting dynamic energy storage, and reducing dependence on Earth-based supplies. Beyond space missions, the insights in this article are relevant to sustainable energy development on Earth. The principles of hybrid energy integration, renewable power generation, microreactor technology, and advanced fuel cell systems can support remote communities, emergency power systems, and green energy innovations.